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| Issue 34 (April 2009) |
Words: Art Koral |
Modern RC helicopters are complex machines and, for the most part, depend on multiple on-board systems to produce the performance that most pilots demand. In addition to the radio receiver and servos, today's helis will typically carry at least one voltage regulator, a throttle limiter or governor, and a gyro. As is often the case with this type of setup, a minimum of seven channels is required (assuming that gyro sensing and limiter/governor speeds are to be controlled remotely). Finally, throw in the cabling needed to connect all this stuff together and the heli begins to resemble the underside of your car's dashboard.
Enter Spektrum. The company that revolutionized the R/C industry with 2.4 GHz radio systems has once again introduced a distinctive product; the industry's first purpose built heli receiver. The AR7100 and AR7100R receivers both contain multiple systems, thus reducing the number of single purpose products. The benefit - fewer individual products means less weight and easier installation. The benefit of the benefit - eliminating the external cabling and connectors between products increases reliability and reduces power loss.
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Introduction
Modern RC helicopters are complex machines and, for the most part, depend on multiple on-board systems to produce the performance that most pilots demand. In addition to the radio receiver and servos, today's helis will typically carry at least one voltage regulator, a throttle limiter or governor, and a gyro. As is often the case with this type of setup, a minimum of seven channels is required (assuming that gyro sensing and limiter/governor speeds are to be controlled remotely). Finally, throw in the cabling needed to connect all this stuff together and the heli begins to resemble the underside of your car's dashboard.
Enter Spektrum. The company that revolutionized the R/C industry with 2.4 GHz radio systems has once again introduced a distinctive product; the industry's first purpose built heli receiver. The AR7100 and AR7100R receivers both contain multiple systems, thus reducing the number of single purpose products. The benefit - fewer individual products means less weight and easier installation. The benefit of the benefit - eliminating the external cabling and connectors between products increases reliability and reduces power loss.
Features
Specifically, what Spektrum delivered is a single product that incorporates the features of several:
• Full-range, DSM2 7-channel receiver
• 5.2 volt / 2 amp voltage regulator
• RevLimit engine RPM limiter (AR7100R only)
Let's examine each of the features in detail ...
Full-Range DSM2 7-Channel Receiver
The receiver section employs one internal and one remote receiver and has outputs for seven proportional channels. Optionally, one additional remote receiver can be added for increased signal path diversity.
The receiver supports all of the following DSM2 features:
• MultiLink
• Model Match
• ServoSync
• QuickConnect 'brown-out' protection
• SmartSafe
• Pre-programmed Fail Safe
• Flight Log compatibility
The following table depicts the AR7100's and AR7100R's compatibility and operating characteristics with all currently available Spektrum / JR Transmitters and Spektrum Air Modules:
Voltage Regulation & Power Distribution
The receiver's power input leads are robust; 16 AWG wires fitted with a male EC3 connector. The operating voltage is specified as 6.0 - 10.0 volts, thus allowing the receiver to be powered directly by 5 - 7 cell NiMH or NiCd packs or 2S LiPo packs. Note here that 4-cell NiMH or NiCd packs cannot be used, due to the voltage overhead required by the internal 5.2 volt regulator.
Once inside, the input voltage is routed directly to the channel 1 (throttle), channel 2 (aileron), channel 3 (elevator), channel 5 (gear), and channel 6 (aux1) outputs. It's important to make certain that everything (i.e. servos) plugged into non-regulated channels are rated for operation at the fully charged battery pack voltage. Voltage output by the internal 5.2v regulator is routed to the channel 4 (rudder) and channel 7 (aux2) outputs. You'll also find secondary outputs for channels 1 (throttle) and 5 (gear) that receive regulated 5.2v power as well. Keep in mind that the combined current draw of all components plugged into a 5.2v regulated output cannot exceed 2 amps continuous.
A 'soft' switch is included and gives you the ability to turn the receiver on and off while the battery remains connected. Should this switch fail for any reason ("opens" or becomes disconnected), the receiver will fail to on. Also included is an 'on / off / charge' adapter that can be used in place of the soft switch. This adapter allows you to turn off the receiver by plugging the 'bind' plug into it. You can also charge the battery and/or monitor the battery voltage though this adapter. As internal logic is used to monitor these accessories, a small (< 1 mA) current is drawn to do so, even when the receiver is off. Therefore, you should disconnect the battery if you don't plan on operating the receiver for an extended period of time. This will prevent over discharging your battery pack.
Engine RPM Limiter (AR7100R only)
The AR7100R receiver also includes an integrated 'RevLimit' engine RPM limiter and external sensor. Spektrum has broken new ground here, too. Spektrum's external sensor doesn't require the installation of magnets on the cooling fan or clutch assembly in order to sense RPM. Rather, it utilizes a magnetically biased hall-effect device that mounts to the engine's back plate and detects when the crankpin moves past it. I must say, "It doesn't get any easier than that". One improvement I'd like to propose here is to replace the plastic sensor mount with another material that is more suitable for withstanding heat, nitro, and vibration.
The limiting RPM speed is controlled by the control pulse output on channel 5 (gear). As the AR7100R has an internal connection between channel 5 and the RevLimt, the only external connection necessary is plugging the sensor lead into the receiver. The limit speed is adjustable between 9,480 and 17,340 RPM. At neutral (pulse width of 1500 µSec), limiting is disabled.
RevLimt will take control of the throttle servo when all of the following conditions are met:
• The channel 1 (throttle) output is above 25%
• The channel 5 (gear) output isn't between +/- 5% of neutral
• The engine's RPM has reached the limit RPM (as specified by the channel 5 output)
If all these conditions are not met or if the sensor fails, then control of the throttle servo is returned to the throttle channel.
Installation & Setup
For this review, I'll be replacing the Spektrum AR7000 receiver in my TRex 600N with the AR7100R. All the electronics in the TRex 600N were powered by a 2S Li-Po feed through a Castle Creations BEC programmed to regulate at 5.1v. As my swash servos are only rated for up to 6.0v operation, I can't simply feed the 2S LiPo directly into the AR7100R. Therefore, I'll re-program the BEC to regulate at 6.0v and continue to use it to power the AR7100R.
I chose to slightly modify the Castle Creations BEC at this time. Its original servo lead style output is, in my opinion, a little on the wimpy side with respect to the device's output rating. I soldered in heavier gauge 'V+' and 'Ground' input leads and terminated them with a female EC3 connector. This allowed me to connect the BEC directly to the AR7100R's input. And even though I didn't plan on using the servo lead style output in this particular installation, I replaced it with a heavier gauge version while I was at it. Now with the BEC supplying 6.0v to the AR7100R, I'll have 6.0v going to my swash servos and 5.2v going to my gyro, rudder servo, and throttle servo.
Installing the receiver was a breeze. I unplugged the old receiver and plugged in AR7100R. I did need to move the gyro sense lead from channel 5 (gear) to channel 7 (aux2), as channel 5 must be used to control the RevLimit. Then I mounted the RPM sensor using two of the engine's back plate screws. The sensor lead was routed to the receiver, plugged in, and all wires were secured. Installation done!
On the bench, the sensor and RevLimit were then calibrated as per the instructions. My throttle curves were already dialed in for a target head speed of 1,800 RPM in Normal mode and 2,000 RPM in Idle-Up. I bumped up the throttle curves for all points set above 25% by about 10%. This should cause the engine to over-speed slightly and allow me to setup the RevLimit so it will be actively limiting at my desired RPMs. With the TRex's 8.5:1 transmission ratio, those head speeds translate to engine RPMs of 15,300 and 17,000 respectively.
Next up is radio programming. My DX7 radio doesn't have a dedicated governor function, nor did I want to use the GEAR switch to select the RPM as the AR7100R instruction manual suggests. I'm going to use a couple of programmable mixes to get the functionality I want; 15,300 RPM in 'Normal' and 17,000 RPM in 'Idle-Up1' and 'Idle-Up2' - automatically selected using the flight mode switch. Here is how I did it:
1) At the INPUT SELECT function in the System Mode Menu, I set AUX2 to GYRO and GEAR to INH. This instructs the DX7 to output the Gyro feature on channel 7 (aux2) and causes a neutral pulse width to be output on channel 5 (gear), regardless of the GEAR switch position.
2) Verify the SUB TRIM is 0 and the upper and lower TRAVEL ADJUST is 100% for channel 5 (gear).
3) Using PROG.MIX1, I set the master channel to GEAR and the slave channel to GEAR. I then set the upper RATE value to +85% and the lower RATE value to -85%. Finally, I set SW to F-NR and OFFSET to 0. This mix will instruct the RevLimit to limit somewhere close to 15,300 RPM when in Normal flight mode. The upper and lower rates are set to opposite values to ensure the output is consistent, regardless of the GEAR switch position - which still affects programmable mixing even though the Channel 5 (gear) functionality is inhibited.
4) Using PROG.MIX2, I set the master channel to GEAR and the slave channel to GEAR. The upper RATE value was set to +98% and the lower RATE value to -95%. SW was set to F-S12 and OFFSET to 0. This mix causes the RevLimit to limit somewhere close to 17,000 RPM in 'Idle-Up1' and Idle-Up2' flight modes.
NOTE - RevLimit will automatically disable when Throttle Hold is active. This happens because, as you remember, when the throttle position is less than 25% (as is normally the case in Throttle Hold), control is returned to the throttle channel.
Also note that prior to using this receiver, I had previously used all three available program mixes for Aileron, Elevator, and Rudder to throttle compensation. These mixes are no longer necessary because the RevLimit will now automatically perform that compensation.
Flying
First and foremost, the radio was range checked. Once proper operation was confirmed, the engine was fired up and the heli was brought into a stable hover. Flying in the Normal flight mode and using an optical tach, the head-speed was fine tuned to 1,800 RPM via the RATE values in PROG.MIX1. I then switched into IdleUp1 and repeated the procedure for a 2,000 RPM head-speed using PROG.MIX2. Everything worked as expected. Throughout the flight tests, the engine held a beautifully consistent speed. And now my trusty ol' TRex 600N has a new snappier feel, thanks to the increase in voltage at the swash servos.
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HITS
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• High performance receiver
• Integrated voltage regulator
• Robust power distribution
• Integrated engine RPM limiter (AR7100R only)
• Easy installation
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MISSES
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• Plastic sensor mount subject to fatigue
MANUFACTURER: Spektrum RC
PART NUMBER(S): • AR7100R Receiver (SMPAR7100R): $219.99
• AR7100 Receiver (SMPAR7100): $149.99
• Remote Receiver (SMP9545): $29.99
• Flight Log (SPM9540): $29.99
• AR7100R Receiver (SMPAR7100R): $219.99
• AR7100 Receiver (SMPAR7100): $149.99
• Remote Receiver (SMP9545): $29.99
• Flight Log (SPM9540): $29.99
STREET PRICE:
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